→ Descriptive Grammar → Comece a aprender / Download de MP3 Flashcards

questão		resposta
nouns podzial começar a aprender		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca começar a aprender		classifiers
verbs podzial começar a aprender		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants começar a aprender		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs começar a aprender		one participant - john is running
monotransutive começar a aprender		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive começar a aprender		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem começar a aprender		copular
appear começar a aprender		copular
sound começar a aprender		copular
turn começar a aprender		copular
look começar a aprender		copular
smell começar a aprender		copular
taste começar a aprender		copular
feel começar a aprender		copular
get começar a aprender		copukar
complex transitive verbs começar a aprender		mary considers john an imposter
believe começar a aprender		complex transit
consider começar a aprender		complex transit
find começar a aprender		complex transit
judge começar a aprender		complex transit
keep começar a aprender		comlex transit
think começar a aprender		complex transit
know começar a aprender		complex transit
presume começar a aprender		complex teansit
presume começar a aprender		complex transit
many começar a aprender		det
all começar a aprender		det
that começar a aprender		sub
verbs podzial começar a aprender		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following começar a aprender		adj
podzial czasownikow começar a aprender		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować começar a aprender		revise
konczyc começar a aprender		terminate
wytlumaczyc começar a aprender		account for
at home começar a aprender		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time começar a aprender		prepositional phrase
with me começar a aprender		prepositional phrase
at home começar a aprender		prepositional phrase
word classes ile começar a aprender		8
words podzial começar a aprender		content, function
concent words começar a aprender		lexical morphemes
function words começar a aprender		grammatical morphemes
noncount começar a aprender		masscount
nouns podzial começar a aprender		concrete, abstract, collective
several começar a aprender		determiner
which começar a aprender		determiner
whose começar a aprender		determiner
degree words começar a aprender		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje começar a aprender		attributive, predicative
lexical verb começar a aprender		main verb
paradigm começar a aprender		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie começar a aprender		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola começar a aprender		they determine the noun phrase
reference começar a aprender		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference começar a aprender		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział começar a aprender		spacial, temporal
coordinators começar a aprender		join the elements of the same status
subordinator começar a aprender		introduct clauses
subordinator começar a aprender		introduct clauses
subordinator começar a aprender		introduct clauses
clause começar a aprender		full grammatical unit
too começar a aprender		degree word
most começar a aprender		degree word
need começar a aprender		auxiliary
whatever começar a aprender		determiner
lexicon começar a aprender		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka começar a aprender		also known as
word class começar a aprender		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution começar a aprender		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy começar a aprender		arbitrary
jednostka começar a aprender		entity
zewnetrzny começar a aprender		external
classifiers começar a aprender		unit nouns
verbs odmiana começar a aprender		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly começar a aprender		degree modifier
very começar a aprender		degree modifier
three years começar a aprender		measure phrase
predictive adjectives começar a aprender		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca começar a aprender		traitor
her começar a aprender		determiner
hers começar a aprender		pronoun
inflwction começar a aprender		adjusting to the context
derivation começar a aprender		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root começar a aprender		carries the lexical information
interfix começar a aprender		goes in between(o)
infix começar a aprender		inside a single lexem
circumfix começar a aprender		en
3 types of compounds começar a aprender		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional começar a aprender		both elements have equal status
exocentric começar a aprender		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric começar a aprender		1 element describes the other
conversion começar a aprender		lexical recategorisation
back-formation começar a aprender		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication começar a aprender		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping começar a aprender		cutting the part of the word
blending começar a aprender		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization começar a aprender		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification começar a aprender		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another começar a aprender		pronoun
morphology começar a aprender		deals with internal structure of words
morphem começar a aprender		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes começar a aprender		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words começar a aprender		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes começar a aprender		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes começar a aprender		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix começar a aprender		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes começar a aprender		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding começar a aprender		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend começar a aprender		appositional
woman dictor começar a aprender		appositional
woman doctor começar a aprender		appositional
sleepwalk começar a aprender		appositional
tennis shoe começar a aprender		endocentric
kitchen chair começar a aprender		endocentric
sit-in começar a aprender		exocentric
pickpocket começar a aprender		exocentric
redhead começar a aprender		exocentric
borrowings começar a aprender		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many começar a aprender		specifier
our começar a aprender		specifier
so começar a aprender		specifier
too começar a aprender		specifier
right começar a aprender		specifier
quite começar a aprender		specifier
just começar a aprender		specifier
word form começar a aprender		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head começar a aprender		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric começar a aprender		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N começar a aprender		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v começar a aprender		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests começar a aprender		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom começar a aprender		volume
argument structure começar a aprender		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot começar a aprender		subject
orzeczenie começar a aprender		predicate
agent restructions começar a aprender		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was começar a aprender		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was começar a aprender		x - patient, theme
causative alternation começar a aprender		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation começar a aprender		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop começar a aprender		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation começar a aprender		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation começar a aprender		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation começar a aprender		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation começar a aprender		this book reads well
adding goal pp começar a aprender		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation começar a aprender		john shaves in the morning
agent começar a aprender		animate initiator
force começar a aprender		inanimate cause of an action
instrument começar a aprender		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer começar a aprender		the animate being affected inwardly
source começar a aprender		the place from which an action emnate
goal começar a aprender		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path começar a aprender		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location começar a aprender		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor começar a aprender		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession começar a aprender		Judy’s head
alienable possession começar a aprender		judys car
benefactive começar a aprender		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive começar a aprender		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient começar a aprender		a person or thing affected by an action
patient começar a aprender		undergoes a change
theme começar a aprender		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral começar a aprender		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range começar a aprender		specification/limitatiin of an action
role começar a aprender		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object começar a aprender		who what
indirect object começar a aprender		to whom for whom
case frame começar a aprender		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates começar a aprender		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments começar a aprender		the participants
testing dynamism começar a aprender		ing
testing durativity começar a aprender		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity começar a aprender		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject começar a aprender		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect começar a aprender		patient/theme
passivisation começar a aprender		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: começar a aprender		follow, precede
the double object construction forces começar a aprender		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations começar a aprender		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences começar a aprender		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o começar a aprender		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie começar a aprender		Still waters run deep
i think começar a aprender		state
przeslanka, zlozenje começar a aprender		premise
I will começar a aprender		premise
I am começar a aprender		intention
i’m going to começar a aprender		strong intention
will you be going começar a aprender		asking about plans
will you go começar a aprender		request
I was meeting começar a aprender		the meeting started before
i have been very busy começar a aprender		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped começar a aprender		in the past
I was hoping começar a aprender		polite expression
has been placing começar a aprender		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits começar a aprender		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits começar a aprender		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning começar a aprender		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning começar a aprender		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday começar a aprender		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for começar a aprender		repeated action
where did steve go for começar a aprender		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax começar a aprender		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause começar a aprender		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse começar a aprender		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale começar a aprender		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause começar a aprender		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause começar a aprender		clause within a main clause
that começar a aprender		conjunction/subordinator
sentence começar a aprender		independent unit of syntax
clause começar a aprender		may be dependent/independent
finite verb começar a aprender		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always começar a aprender		finite
subordinate clauses começar a aprender		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms começar a aprender		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses começar a aprender		always finite
modal auxiliaries começar a aprender		finite verb forms
that clauses começar a aprender		always finite
bare infinitive começar a aprender		non-finite verb form
present participle começar a aprender		non-finite verb form
past participle começar a aprender		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive começar a aprender		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type começar a aprender		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen começar a aprender		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences começar a aprender		finite
exclamative sentence começar a aprender		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form começar a aprender		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions começar a aprender		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object começar a aprender		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object começar a aprender		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject começar a aprender		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject começar a aprender		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses começar a aprender		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses começar a aprender		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject começar a aprender		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct começar a aprender		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word começar a aprender		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject começar a aprender		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj começar a aprender		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject começar a aprender		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject começar a aprender		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct começar a aprender		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi começar a aprender		cab
ing participle as adjunct começar a aprender		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen começar a aprender		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb começar a aprender		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen começar a aprender		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie começar a aprender		suffocate
function of claused complement of n começar a aprender		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP começar a aprender		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p começar a aprender		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts começar a aprender		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) começar a aprender		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts começar a aprender		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses começar a aprender		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses começar a aprender		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses começar a aprender		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary começar a aprender		clause as subject/ complement
that required começar a aprender		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: começar a aprender		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl começar a aprender		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers começar a aprender		always obligatory!!!
if introduces começar a aprender		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces começar a aprender		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry começar a aprender		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech começar a aprender		words
or, and, but = parts of speech começar a aprender		coordinators
that if part of speech começar a aprender		subordinator
your time is up começar a aprender		A
the balloons rose up to the sky começar a aprender		Adv
they live just up the street from us começar a aprender		P
the dog tore up the slipper começar a aprender		prt
major word classes começar a aprender		lexical categories
minor word classes começar a aprender		functional cat
kostka masla começar a aprender		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun começar a aprender		a heap of books
copular verbs começar a aprender		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet começar a aprender		comolex transitive
participants começar a aprender		arguments
verbs começar a aprender		predicators
adjectives começar a aprender		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade começar a aprender		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe começar a aprender		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly começar a aprender		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years começar a aprender		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely começar a aprender		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs começar a aprender		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries começar a aprender		have, be
dummy auxiliary começar a aprender		do
this/ that começar a aprender		demonstratives
determiners começar a aprender		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her começar a aprender		determiner
hers começar a aprender		pronoun
indefinite reference começar a aprender		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner começar a aprender		P
come roumd with some fresh air começar a aprender		adv
idle começar a aprender		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives começar a aprender		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete começar a aprender		personality- a personality
mass to count começar a aprender		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass começar a aprender		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed começar a aprender		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes começar a aprender		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph começar a aprender		free morph bound morph
free morph começar a aprender		root
affix começar a aprender		always a bound root
derivational affix começar a aprender		prefix/ suffix
simple word começar a aprender		1 free root
complex word começar a aprender		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word começar a aprender		2 free roots
compound - complex começar a aprender		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation começar a aprender		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion começar a aprender		functional shift
functional shift começar a aprender		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots começar a aprender		compound
root creation começar a aprender		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix começar a aprender		un, mis, over
suffix começar a aprender		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix começar a aprender		gramophone
infix começar a aprender		kangabloodyroo
circumfix começar a aprender		enliven
compouding começar a aprender		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp começar a aprender		kitchen chair
exocentric compound começar a aprender		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund começar a aprender		woman doctor
conversion começar a aprender		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping começar a aprender		fridge
blending começar a aprender		workoholic
acronymization começar a aprender		VIP
internal modification começar a aprender		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings começar a aprender		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng começar a aprender		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo começar a aprender		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc começar a aprender		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses começar a aprender		agent
what y did to x começar a aprender		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film começar a aprender		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table começar a aprender		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris começar a aprender		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning começar a aprender		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily começar a aprender		middle alternation
the situation types differ in começar a aprender		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test começar a aprender		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive começar a aprender		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test começar a aprender		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee começar a aprender		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice começar a aprender		telic
she ate rice começar a aprender		atelic
telicy test começar a aprender		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test começar a aprender		in ten minutes
atelic situation test começar a aprender		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure começar a aprender		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes começar a aprender		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes começar a aprender		telic
twierdzic começar a aprender		to assert
* i think about my work now começar a aprender		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events começar a aprender		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying começar a aprender		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct começar a aprender		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct começar a aprender		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct começar a aprender		in a rush
pp as adjunct começar a aprender		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door começar a aprender		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack começar a aprender		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions começar a aprender		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives começar a aprender		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns começar a aprender		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs começar a aprender		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement começar a aprender		william blushed
complements of verb começar a aprender		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs começar a aprender		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy começar a aprender		about/with
np adjunct começar a aprender		this week
pp adjunct começar a aprender		in the park
ap adjunct começar a aprender		very long
np complement começar a aprender		read(a book)
pp complement começar a aprender		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement começar a aprender		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts começar a aprender		specifiers
head alone começar a aprender		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence começar a aprender		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo começar a aprender		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo começar a aprender		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent começar a aprender		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents começar a aprender		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? começar a aprender		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like começar a aprender		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will começar a aprender		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet começar a aprender		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy começar a aprender		heavy np shift
the x’schema começar a aprender		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules começar a aprender		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules começar a aprender		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category começar a aprender		the head of the structure
general schems começar a aprender		X‘ schema
X começar a aprender		head
YP começar a aprender		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ começar a aprender		intermediate projection
RP começar a aprender		adjunct
ZP começar a aprender		specifier
X‘ começar a aprender		intermediate structure
english-head initial language começar a aprender		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb começar a aprender		object
*louise abandonedd começar a aprender		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase começar a aprender		specifier
complete phrase começar a aprender		a maximal projection of the head
specifier começar a aprender		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence começar a aprender		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as começar a aprender		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric começar a aprender		they r built around the head successively
head começar a aprender		the minimal projection
complements começar a aprender		expand x into x’
adjuncts começar a aprender		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers começar a aprender		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine começar a aprender		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np começar a aprender		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp começar a aprender		and nor will jay
the new teacher did começar a aprender		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = começar a aprender		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge começar a aprender		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation começar a aprender		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation começar a aprender		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will começar a aprender		topicalistion
postponing começar a aprender		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent começar a aprender		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps começar a aprender		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting começar a aprender		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile começar a aprender		no part of vp possible
coordinators começar a aprender		conjunctions
coordination começar a aprender		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination começar a aprender		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy começar a aprender		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves começar a aprender		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden começar a aprender		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams começar a aprender		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests começar a aprender		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests começar a aprender		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify começar a aprender		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants começar a aprender		predicate
1 place predicate começar a aprender		Frank is irish
2 place predicate começar a aprender		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate começar a aprender		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate começar a aprender		0 place predicates
semantic notions começar a aprender		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions começar a aprender		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez começar a aprender		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond começar a aprender		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy começar a aprender		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious começar a aprender		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at começar a aprender		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan começar a aprender		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated começar a aprender		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates começar a aprender		John is envious
prepositions as predicates começar a aprender		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol começar a aprender		location
people filled the room começar a aprender		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair começar a aprender		possessor
coach começar a aprender		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin começar a aprender		factirive
the chicken was baked by me começar a aprender		patient
it costs a hundred dollars começar a aprender		range
it weights 80 kilograms começar a aprender		range
hum começar a aprender		nucić
he hummed a silly tune começar a aprender		range
he lived out his life happily começar a aprender		range
lexical representation of predicates começar a aprender		argument structure
weather predications começar a aprender		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation começar a aprender		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme começar a aprender		semantic selection
experiencer começar a aprender		encodes animate being
sentient começar a aprender		czujący
* john envies começar a aprender		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary começar a aprender		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary começar a aprender		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc começar a aprender		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf começar a aprender		source
his leaving pleases me começar a aprender		source
the sun gives off heat começar a aprender		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly começar a aprender		source
i walked upstairs começar a aprender		goal
she did it for love começar a aprender		goal
path começar a aprender		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks começar a aprender		via
specifier começar a aprender		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier começar a aprender		determiner
* this the book começar a aprender		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers começar a aprender		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility começar a aprender		so, rather
so, rather começar a aprender		det
utterly as adjunct começar a aprender		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong começar a aprender		so- specifier of pp
right começar a aprender		determiner
specifier começar a aprender		precedes x’ in english
not começar a aprender		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses começar a aprender		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners começar a aprender		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP começar a aprender		a/some/out/this
spec in vp começar a aprender		negation
specifier in ap começar a aprender		too, how, so
spec in advp começar a aprender		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp começar a aprender		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause começar a aprender		NP
specifoer in clause começar a aprender		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause começar a aprender		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause começar a aprender		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier começar a aprender		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause começar a aprender		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause começar a aprender		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage começar a aprender		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late começar a aprender		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T começar a aprender		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase começar a aprender		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure começar a aprender		x, x’, x’’
never começar a aprender		spec of vp
spec of ap começar a aprender		HOW nice
a juvenile começar a aprender		nieletni
a private começar a aprender		szeregowy
a natural começar a aprender		naturszczyk
a daily começar a aprender		dziennik
herd começar a aprender		tłum, stado
your time is up começar a aprender		A
the balloons rose up to the sky começar a aprender		adv
the dog tore up the slipper começar a aprender		prt
they live just up the street from us começar a aprender		adv
would you write your adress down for me começar a aprender		prt
he ran down the stairs começar a aprender		P
he looked down because he was embarassed começar a aprender		adv
dummy auxiliary começar a aprender		do
primary auxiliaries começar a aprender		have, be
vis começar a aprender		potęga, siła
monotheism root começar a aprender		THE
syntactic pattern começar a aprender		V+ N+ er>N
hover começar a aprender		unosic sie
pług começar a aprender		plow
drip começar a aprender		kapać
clean-cut começar a aprender		wyrazisty
badmouth começar a aprender		obgadywac
cranapple começar a aprender		semantically opaque
neologizm começar a aprender		literary coinage
canary od canary islands começar a aprender		commonization
split adjective começar a aprender		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests começar a aprender		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns começar a aprender		determiners
idles começar a aprender		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled começar a aprender		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation começar a aprender		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete começar a aprender		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation começar a aprender		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation começar a aprender		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion começar a aprender		einstain -> an einstein
constituent começar a aprender		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics começar a aprender		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax começar a aprender		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband começar a aprender		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously começar a aprender		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP começar a aprender		completely dry
different types of words começar a aprender		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec começar a aprender		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy começar a aprender		gerund
yourself começar a aprender		pronoun
another começar a aprender		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend começar a aprender		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila começar a aprender		vis
invisibly root começar a aprender		vis
what começar a aprender		PRONOUN
so começar a aprender		CONJUNCTION
declarative começar a aprender		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative começar a aprender		question
imperative começar a aprender		directive
exclamative começar a aprender		exclamation
aspect começar a aprender		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction começar a aprender		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis começar a aprender		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form começar a aprender		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other começar a aprender		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction começar a aprender		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this começar a aprender		clausal prp-form
it começar a aprender		clausal proform
topicalization começar a aprender		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation começar a aprender		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive começar a aprender		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion começar a aprender		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization começar a aprender		10 years we lived there
focalization começar a aprender		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft começar a aprender		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft começar a aprender		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right começar a aprender		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation começar a aprender		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation começar a aprender		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation começar a aprender		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift começar a aprender		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np começar a aprender		long/complex np
extraposition feom np começar a aprender		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np começar a aprender		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np começar a aprender		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition começar a aprender		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition começar a aprender		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions começar a aprender		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions começar a aprender		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition começar a aprender		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause começar a aprender		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion começar a aprender		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion começar a aprender		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion começar a aprender		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction começar a aprender		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion começar a aprender		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion começar a aprender		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction começar a aprender		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate começar a aprender		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion começar a aprender		definite nps impossible
reduction começar a aprender		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction começar a aprender		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction começar a aprender		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction começar a aprender		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction começar a aprender		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence começar a aprender		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence começar a aprender		new info, comment
topic começar a aprender		what an uterrance is about
comment começar a aprender		what is said about the topic
contrast começar a aprender		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by começar a aprender		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting começar a aprender		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation começar a aprender		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation começar a aprender		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation começar a aprender		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence começar a aprender		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft começar a aprender		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive começar a aprender		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np começar a aprender		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order começar a aprender		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context começar a aprender		contrast, givenness/newness
given information começar a aprender		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information começar a aprender		focal information
new information começar a aprender		focus/focal information
new information começar a aprender		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure começar a aprender		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice começar a aprender		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice começar a aprender		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik começar a aprender		counterpart
zrozumienie começar a aprender		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft começar a aprender		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop começar a aprender		drink
Dative construction começar a aprender		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation começar a aprender		bring
benefactive alternation começar a aprender		buy
middle alternation começar a aprender		cut
causative/inochative começar a aprender		melt
locative alternation começar a aprender		locative
locative alternation começar a aprender		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic começar a aprender		incompatible
elapse começar a aprender		upływać (time)
i think...... is... começar a aprender		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now começar a aprender		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table começar a aprender		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying começar a aprender		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... começar a aprender		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements começar a aprender		beavers build dams
timeless statements começar a aprender		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) começar a aprender		haste makes waste
plot summary começar a aprender		Hamlet dies...
future statement começar a aprender		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary começar a aprender		he shoots. he scores
reporting info começar a aprender		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs começar a aprender		tap, kick, flash
copula v começar a aprender		remain
ditransitive começar a aprender		ask
prepositional verb começar a aprender		look after
shifts in meaning -passive começar a aprender		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning começar a aprender		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive começar a aprender		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old começar a aprender		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin começar a aprender		lexical entry
direct object começar a aprender		np/clause
license purpose clauses começar a aprender		only agent
complementizers - finite começar a aprender		that, wherher
complementizers non finite começar a aprender		for

descriptive grammar

Você deve entrar para postar um comentário.

mais