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questão		resposta
konsumpcja começar a aprender		consumption or consuming
oszczędność começar a aprender		saving
inwestycja lub inwestowanie começar a aprender		investment or investing
the total market value of all the goods and services produced in a country during a given period começar a aprender		gross domestic product (GDP)
GDP plus income from foreign investments começar a aprender		gross national product (GNP)
to hire a new worker começar a aprender		take on
zwolnić começar a aprender		lay off
production começar a aprender		output
a period during which economy is expanding começar a aprender		upturn/upswing (lasts several years - ECONOMIC BOOM)
reach a its highest point começar a aprender		reach a peak
downturn/downswing/period of contraction começar a aprender		downturn that lasts >6 months is called recession; big downswing or one that lasts long = depression or a slump)
the lowest point of the business cycle (economic activity is at its lowest) começar a aprender		trough
kredyt hipoteczny começar a aprender		mortgage
na ogół być começar a aprender		to tend to be
popyt/żądanie começar a aprender		demand
skurczyć gospodarkę começar a aprender		make the economy contract
pobudzić gospodarkę começar a aprender		boost or stimulate economy
wydatek começar a aprender		expenditure
zwiększyć podaż pieniądza começar a aprender		to increase money supply
przewyższać começar a aprender		to exceed
dotrzeć do dołka/dna começar a aprender		reach a trough/bottom out
reduced spending; increased taxation; higher interest rates (after alection; political business cycle) começar a aprender		policy of austerity
zatrudniać, rekrutować, mianować, zatrudniać, angażować começar a aprender		hire, recruit, appoint, employ, engage
zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, zwolnić, powiadomić começar a aprender		fire, let go, make redundant, dismiss, sack, give notice to
relating to government revenues (przychody) and expenditures começar a aprender		fiscal policy
economy expanding too quickly (demand>supply) começar a aprender		to overheat
pracować na pełnych obrotach zdolności produkcyjnej começar a aprender		to work a full capacity
that cannot be continued or maintained in the long term começar a aprender		unsustainable investments
bezpośrednie lub pośrednie stawki podatkowe começar a aprender		direct or indirect tax rates
changing interest rates and the level of money supply começar a aprender		monetary policy
to counteract the business cycle by way of governmental intervention in the econ começar a aprender		Keynesianism
przeciwnie/ na odwrót começar a aprender		on the contrary
portion of the economy composed of all level of governments and governments controlled enterprises começar a aprender		public sector
osłabić, zmniejszyć começar a aprender		to diminish
sektor prywatny começar a aprender		private sector
moving in the opposite direction to the current state começar a aprender		countercyclical fiscal policies
zaledwie começar a aprender		merely
sharp increase in high-risk mortgagaes that went into default (nieuiszczenie należności) começar a aprender		subprime crisis (meltdown)
make/get bigger começar a aprender		boost, expand, grow, increase, inflate, raise, rise
make/get smaller começar a aprender		cut, decrease, fall, lower, reduce
stymulować / pobudzać começar a aprender		to stimulate
uspokoić się começar a aprender		to cool down
kryzys, zastój começar a aprender		slump
program oszczędnościowy começar a aprender		austerity program
shocks like wars começar a aprender		black swans
everyone (even not creditable ones) has credit começar a aprender		overexpansion of credit
few people have access to credit começar a aprender		credit crunch
papiery wartościowe começar a aprender		securities/utilities
akcje começar a aprender		bonds
prices are expected to fall começar a aprender		a bull (bullish)
prices are expected to rise começar a aprender		a bear (bearish)
investors who buy when the share price is lower than company is really worth começar a aprender		value investors
cykliczny começar a aprender		cyclical
stały, ciągły começar a aprender		steady
nagle começar a aprender		abruptly
przerwane przez começar a aprender		punctuated by
peaks and troughs começar a aprender		up and downs
wariacje, odmiany começar a aprender		variations
samonapędzające się procesy niezrównażowego wzrostu/ spadku cens começar a aprender		speculative bubbles
zamieszania polityczne começar a aprender		political upheavals
nieuniknione começar a aprender		inevitable
głównie, w zasadzie começar a aprender		principally
mądrzy inwestorzy começar a aprender		wise investors

the business cycle

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