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introspection /ˌɪntrəˈspekʃn/ noun [uncountable] the careful examination of your own thoughts, feelings and reasons for behaving in a particular way These situations are best resolved with the minimum of introspection or self-analysis. ▶ introspekcja

introvert /ˈɪntrəvɜ: t; US / noun [countable] a quiet, shy person who prefers to be alone than with other people ▶ introwerty-k/czka  OPPOSITE  extrovert □ introverted /; US / adj. ▶ zamknięty w sobie introwertyczny wpatrzony w siebie

intrude /ɪnˈtrʌ: d/ verb [i] intrude on/upon sb/sth to enter a place or situation without permission or when you are not wanted

intruder /ɪnˈtru: də(r); US / noun [countable] a person who enters a place without permission and often secretly ▶ intruz nieproszony gość

intrusion /ɪnˈtru:ʒn/ noun [c, un] (an) intrusion (on/upon/into sth) something that disturbs you or your life when you want to be private This was another example of press intrusion into the affairs of the royals. ▶ narzucanie się wtargnięcie

intuition /ˌɪntjuˈɪʃn/ noun [c, u] the feeling or understanding that makes you believe or know sth is true without being able to explain why She knew, by intuition (intuicyjnie), about his illness although he never mentioned it. ▶ intuicja przeczucie

□ intuitively /; US / adv. Intuitively, she knew that he was lying. ▶ intuicyjnie

invade /ɪnˈveɪd; US / verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to enter a country with an army in order to attack and take control of it When did the Romans invade Britain? ▶ najeżdżać dokonywać inwazji

□ invader /; US / noun [countable] They forced back the invaders. ▶ najeźdźca

invalid1 /ɪnˈvælɪd; US / adj. 1 not legally or officially acceptable I’m afraid your passport is invalid. ▶ nieprawomocny nieważny

invalid2 /ˈɪnvəlɪd; US / noun [countable] a person who has been very ill for a long time and needs to be looked after Her husband’s been an invalid ever since he had his first stroke. ▶ osoba niepełnosprawna

invalidate /ɪnˈvælɪdeɪt; US / verb [transitive] (formal) 1 to prove that an idea, a story, an argument, etc. is wrong This new piece of evidence invalidates his version of events. ▶ obalać (np. teorię)

invaluable /ɪnˈvæljuəbl; US / adj. invaluable (to/for sb/sth) extremely useful invaluable help/information/support ▶ nieoceniony bezcenny

invariable /ɪnˈveəriəbl; US / adj. not changing ▶ niezmienny

invasion /ɪnˈveɪʒn; US / noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the act of entering another country with your army in order to take control of it the threat of invasion ▶ najazd inwazja napaść

/ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ adj. (formal) 1 (especially used about diseases within the body) spreading very quickly and difficult to stop invasive cancer ▶ inwazyjny 2 (used about medical treatment) involving cutting into the body invasive surgery ▶ inwazyjny

invective /ɪnˈvektɪv / noun [u] (formal) rude language and unpleasant remarks that sb shouts when they are very angry The gesture infuriated him and he let out a stream of invective. a speech full of invective against the government ▶ inwektywa

/ɪnˈvent / v [t] 1 to think of or make sth for the first time Laszlo Biro invented the ballpoint pen. When was the camera invented? ▶ wynaleźć 2 to say or describe sth that is not true I realized that he had invented the whole story. ▶ wymyślać

invention /ɪnˈvenʃn/ noun 1 [countable] a thing that has been made or designed by sb for the first time The microwave oven is a very useful invention. ▶ wynalazek

inventive /ɪnˈventɪv; US / adj. having clever and original ideas ▶ pomysłowy wynalazczy pełen pomysłów □ inventiveness /; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ pomysłowość

inventory /ˈɪnvəntri; US -tɔ: ri / noun [countable] (pl. inventories) a detailed list, for example of all the furniture in a house The landlord is coming to make an inventory of the contents of the flat. ▶ inwentarz

inverse /ˌɪnˈvɜ: s; US / adj. [only before a noun] opposite in amount or position A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness. There is often an inverse relationship between the power of the tool ▶ odwrotny

invert /ɪnˈvɜ: t; US / verb [transitive] (formal) to put sth in the opposite order or position to the way it usually is What you see in a mirror is an inverted image (odwrócone odbicie) of yourself. ▶ odwracać

invertebrate /ɪnˈvɜ: tɪbrət; US / noun [countable] an animal with no backbone ▶ (biol.) bezkręgowiec

invest /ɪnˈvest/ verb [i, t] invest (sth) (in sth) 1 to put money into a bank, business, property, etc. in the hope that you will make a profit Many firms have invested heavily in this project. I’ve invested all my money in the company. ▶ inwestować

□ investor /; US / noun [countable] The government is trying to attract more overseas investors. ▶ inwestor/ka

investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt; US / verb [i, t] to try to find out all the facts about sth A murder was reported and the police were sent to investigate. A group of experts are investigating the cause of the crash. ▶ prowadzić dochodzenie badać

investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (an) investigation (into sth) The airlines are going to carry out an investigation into security procedures at airports.

investigative /ɪnˈvestɪɡətɪv; US -ɡeɪtɪv / adj. trying to find out all the facts about sb/sth investigative journalism dziennikarstwo śledcze ▶ badawczy dochodzeniowy odkrywczy

investment /ɪnˈvestmənt; US / noun 1 [uncountable, countable] (an) investment (in sth) the act of putting money in a bank, business, property, etc.; the amount of money that you put in investment in local industry

invigorate /ɪnˈvɪɡəreɪt; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to make sb feel healthy, fresh and full of energy I felt invigorated after my run. ▶ orzeźwiać dodawać energii wzmacniać

invincible /ɪnˈvɪnsəbl; US / adj. too strong or powerful to be defeated ▶ niezwyciężony niepokonany (wiara itp.) niezachwiany

invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəbl; US / adj. invisible (to sb/sth) that cannot be seen bacteria that are invisible to the naked eye The detective tried to make himself invisible behind a group of people. ▶ niewidzialny niewidoczny

/ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃn/ 1[c] an invitation to sb/sth (to sth/to do sth) a request to go somewhere Did you get an invitation to the conference? a wedding invitation to accept an invitation to turn down/(formal) decline an invitation ▶ zaproszenie

invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/ verb [t] 1invite sb (to/for sth) to ask sb to come somewhere or to do sth We invited all the family to the wedding. Shall we invite Louise and Pete for a meal next Saturday? Applicants will be invited for interview ▶ zapraszać

invite sb back - zapraszać kogoś do swojego domu po wspólnym pobycie gdzieś/zapraszać na rewizytę invite sb in zapraszać kogoś do środka (do siebie do domu) invite sb out -zapraszać kogoś na wspólne wyjście

inviting /ɪnˈvaɪtɪŋ; US / adj. attractive and pleasant The smell of cooking was very inviting. ▶ pociągający zapraszający nęcący ponętny

in vitro /ɪn ˈvi: trəʊ; US / adj. (used about a process or a reaction) taking place in a glass tube or dish, not inside a living body in vitro experiments the development of in vitro fertilization ▶ in vitro

invoice /ˈɪnvɔɪs; US / noun [countable] an official paper that lists goods or services that you have received and says how much you have to pay for them Have we received an invoice for the building work yet? ▶ faktura

involuntary /ɪnˈvɒləntri; US -teri / adj. done without wanting or meaning to She gave an involuntary gasp of pain as the doctor inserted the needle. ▶ mimowolny nieumyślny odruchowy

Mimo że czasownika involve w znaczeniu 1 i 2 nie używa się w czasach continuous, często spotyka się go w present participle (formie -ing): There was a serious accident involving a stolen car.

involve /ɪnˈvɒlv; US / verb [transitive] 1[not used in the continuous tenses] to make sth necessary The job involves a lot of travelling. ▶ wymagać pociągać za sobą

□ involvement /; US / noun [countable, uncountable] They deny any involvement in the robbery. ▶ zaangażowanie 2[not before a noun] involved (with sb) having a sexual relationship with sb She is involved with an older man. ▶ zaangażowany

inward /ˈɪnwəd; US / adv. (also inwards) towards the inside or centre Stand in a circle facing inwards. ▶ skierowany do środka/wnętrza

iodine /ˈaɪədi: n; US -daɪn / noun [uncountable] (symbol I) a substance that is found in sea water. A purple liquid containing iodine is sometimes used to clean cuts in your skin. ▶ jod jodyna

iris /ˈaɪrɪs; US / noun [countable] 1 the coloured part of your eye ▶ tęczówka ⇨ look at pupil 2 a tall plant with long pointed leaves and large bright yellow or purple flowers ▶ kosaciec irys

iron1 /ˈaɪən; US / noun 1 [u] (symbol Fe) an iron bar iron ore ruda żelaza wrought-iron (z kutego żelaza) railings a pot made of cast iron (z lanego żelaza)

2 [countable] an electrical instrument with a flat bottom that is heated and used to smooth clothes after you have washed and dried them a steam iron ▶ żelazko

iron2 /ˈaɪən; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW to use an iron to make clothes, etc. smooth Could you iron this dress for me? That shirt needs ironing. ▶ prasować

the ˌIron ˈCurtain noun [sing.] the name that people used for the border that used to exist between Western Europe and the communist countries of Eastern Europe ▶ żelazna kurtyna

ironic /aɪˈrɒnɪk; US / (also ironical /aɪˈrɒnɪkl; US /) adj. 1 meaning the opposite of what you say an ironic sense of humour ‘ Oh, I’m so pleased,’ she said in an ironic way. ▶ ironiczny ⇨ look at sarcastic

□ ironically /-kli; US / adv. Ironically, the person who ran over our dog was a vet. ▶ ironicznie jak na ironię

ironing /ˈɑɪənɪŋ; US / noun [uncountable] clothes, etc. that you have just ironed or that you need to iron a large pile of ironing ▶ prasowanie (rzeczy do prasowania lub już wyprasowane)

irony /ˈaɪrəni/ noun (pl. ironies) 1[c, u] an unusual or unexpected part of a situation, etc. that seems strange or amusing The irony was that (jak na ironię losu) he was killed in a car accident soon after the end of the war. ▶ ironia paradoks

irradiate /ɪˈreɪdieɪt; US / verb [transitive] to send rays of radioactivity through sth ▶ napromieniowywać naświetlać (promieniami)

irrational /ɪˈræʃənl; US / adj. not based on reason or clear thought an irrational fear of spiders ▶ irracjonalny nieracjonalny irrationality /ɪˌræʃəˈnæləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ irracjonalność nieracjonalność

irreconcilable /ɪˌrekənˈsaɪləbl; US / adj. (formal) (used about people or their ideas and beliefs) so different that they cannot be made to agree ▶ nie do pogodzenia nieprzejednany

irregular /ɪˈreɡjələ(r); US / adj. 1 not having a shape or pattern that we recognize or can predict an irregular shape ▶ nieregularny nierównomierny

3 not allowed according to the rules or social customs It is highly irregular for a doctor to give information about patients without their permission. ▶ niezgodny z przepisami/zasadami

□ irregularity /ɪˌreɡjəˈlærəti; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. irregularities) ▶ nieregularność nierównomierność nierówność niezgodność z przepisami/zasadami

□ irrelevance /; US / (also irrelevancy pl. irrelevancies) noun 1 [countable] something that is irrelevant ▶ rzecz nieistotna rzecz oderwana od tematu błahostka

irrelevant /ɪˈreləvənt; US / adj. not connected with sth or important to it That evidence is irrelevant to the case. ▶ oderwany od tematu/rzeczy itp. bez związku z tematem/rzeczą itp.

irreparable /ɪˈrepərəbl; US / adj. that cannot be repaired Irreparable damage has been done to the ancient forests of Eastern Europe. ▶ nie do naprawienia niepowetowany □ irreparably /-əbli; US / adv. ▶ w sposób nie do naprawienia

irreplaceable /ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbl; US / adj. (used about sth very valuable or special) that cannot be replaced ▶ niezastąpiony

irreproachable /ˌɪrɪˈprəʊtʃəbl; US / adj. (used about a person or their behaviour) free from fault and impossible to criticize ▶ nienaganny nieskazitelny

irresistible /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbl; US / adj. 1 so strong that it cannot be stopped or prevented an irresistible urge to laugh Their arguments were irresistible – I had to agree. ▶ nieprzeparty nieodparty porywający

□ irresistibly /-əbli; US / adv. ▶ nieprzeparcie nieodparcie porywająco

irrespective of /ˌɪrɪˈspektɪv əv; US / prep. not affected by Anybody can take part in the competition, irrespective of age. ▶ niezależnie (od czegoś) bez względu (na coś)

irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl; US / adj. not thinking about the effect your actions will have; not sensible It is irresponsible to let small children go out alone. ▶ nieodpowiedzialny lekkomyślny

irreverent /ɪˈrevərənt; US / adj. not feeling or showing respect This comedy takes an irreverent look at the world of politics. ▶ bez szacunku lekceważący uchybiający

irreversible /ˌɪrɪˈvɜ: səbl; US / adj. that cannot be stopped or changed an irreversible decision The disease can do irreversible damage to the body. ▶ nieodwołalny nieodwracalny □ irreversibly /-əbli; US / adv. ▶ nieodwołalnie nieodwracalnie

irrigate /ˈɪrɪɡeɪt; US / verb [transitive] to supply water to an area of land so that crops will grow irrigated land/crops ▶ nawadniać irygować

irritable /ˈɪrɪtəbl; US / adj. becoming angry easily to be/feel/get irritable ▶ drażliwy skory do gniewu nerwowy

irritate /ˈɪrɪteɪt; US / verb [t] 1 to make sb angry It really irritates me the way he keeps repeating himself. ▶ denerwować drażnić 2 to cause a part of the body to be painful or sore I don’t use soap because it irritates my skin. ▶ podrażniać

—irritating /; US / adj. I found her extremely irritating an irritating habit an irritating cough/rash ▶ denerwujący drażniący irytujący

Islam /ɪzˈlɑ: m; US / noun [uncountable] the religion of Muslim people. Islam teaches that there is only one God and that Muhammad is His Prophet. ▶ islam mahometanizm □ Islamic /; US / adj. Islamic law ▶ muzułmański islamski mahometański

island /ˈaɪlənd; US / noun [countable] 1 a piece of land that is surrounded by water the islands of the Caribbean the Greek islands ▶ wyspa

islander /ˈaɪləndə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who lives on a small island ▶ wyspia-rz/rka

isle /aɪl; US / noun [countable] an island the Isle of Wight the British Isles ▶ wyspa

isolate /ˈaɪsəleɪt; US / verb [transitive] isolate sb/sth (from sb/sth) to put or keep sb/sth separate from other people or things Some farms were isolated by the heavy snowfalls.

isolated /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd; US / adj. 1 isolated (from sb/sth) alone or apart from other people or things an isolated village deep in the countryside I was kept isolated from the other patients. ▶ odizolowany osamotniony

isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] isolation (from sb/sth); in isolation (from sb/sth) the state of being separate and alone; the act of separating sb/sth He lived in complete isolation from the outside world.

isotope /ˈaɪsətəʊp; US / noun [countable] one of two or more forms of a chemical element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their atoms. radioactive isotopes the many isotopes of carbon ▶ izotop

issue1 /ˈɪʃu:; ˈɪsju:; US / 1[c] I want to raise the issue of overtime pay at the meeting. The school cannot avoid the issue of truancy any longer. The government seems to be treating environmental protection as a side issue. ▶ kwestia sprawa

make an issue (out) of sth to give too much importance to a small problem OK, we disagree on this but let’s not make an issue of it. ▶ robić z czegoś dużą sprawę robić z czegoś kwestię

issue2 /ˈɪʃu:; ˈɪsju:; US / verb 1 [transitive] to give or say sth to sb, often officially The new employees were issued with uniforms. to issue a visa The police will issue a statement later today. ▶ wydawać przydzielać

italics /ɪˈtælɪks; US / noun [pl.] a type of writing or printing in which the letters do not stand straight up All the example sentences in the dictionary are printed in italics (kursywą). ▶ kursywa pismo pochyłe

itch /ɪtʃ; US / noun [countable] the feeling on your skin that makes you want to rub or scratch it I’ve got an itch on my back. ▶ Swędzą mnie plecy. swędzenie □ itch verb [intransitive] My whole body is itching. ▶ swędzieć

item /ˈaɪtəm; US / noun [countable] ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1 one single thing on a list or in a collection Some items arrived too late to be included in the catalogue. What is the first item on the agenda? ▶ pozycja punkt programu

itemize (also itemise) /ˈaɪtəmaɪz; US / verb [transitive] to make a list of all the separate items in sth an itemized telephone bill ▶ wyszczególniać

itinerant /aɪˈtɪnərənt; US / adj. [only before a noun] travelling from place to place an itinerant circus family ▶ wędrowny objazdowy

itinerary /aɪˈtɪnərəri; US -reri / noun [countable] (pl. itineraries) a plan of a journey, including the route and the places that you will visit ▶ plan podróży marszruta

ivory /ˈaɪvəri; US / noun [uncountable] the hard white substance that the tusks of an elephant are made of ▶ kość słoniowa

ivy /ˈaɪvi; US / noun [uncountable] a climbing plant that has dark leaves with three or five points ▶ bluszcz