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exclude /ɪkˈsklu: d; US / verb [transitive] [not used in the continuous tenses] 1 to leave out; not include The price excludes all extras such as drinks or excursions. ▶ wykluczać usuwać  OPPOSITE  include

excluding /ɪkˈsklu: dɪŋ; US / prep. ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW leaving out; without Lunch costs £ 10 per person excluding drinks. ▶ z wyjątkiem bez  OPPOSITE  including

exclusion /ɪkˈsklu:ʒn; US / noun [uncountable] keeping or leaving sb/sth out ▶ wykluczenie wyłączenie

/ɪkˈsklu:sɪv/ adj. [before a noun] to be used by or given to one person, group, etc.; not to be shared This car is for the Director’s exclusive use. Tonight we are showing an exclusive interview with the new leader of the Labour Party. ▶ wyłączny

exclusively /ɪkˈsklu: sɪvli; US / adv. only; not involving anyone/anything else The swimming pool is reserved exclusively for members of the club. ▶ wyłącznie

excommunicate /ˌekskəˈmju: nɪkeɪt; US / verb [transitive] excommunicate sb (for sth) to punish sb by officially stating that they can no longer be a member of a Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church ▶ ekskomunikować

excrement /ˈekskrɪmənt; US / noun [uncountable] (formal) the solid waste material that you get rid of when you go to the toilet ▶ kał odchody  SYNONYM  faeces

excruciating /ɪkˈskru:ʃieɪtɪŋ; US / adj. extremely painful ▶ rozdzierający

excursion /ɪkˈskɜ:ʃn; US / noun [countable] a short journey or trip that a group of people make for pleasure to go on an excursion to the seaside ▶ wycieczka ⇨ note at travel

excusable /ɪkˈskju: zəbl; US / adj. that you can forgive an excusable mistake ▶ wybaczalny  OPPOSITE  inexcusable

excuse1 /ɪkˈskju: s; US / noun [countable] an excuse (for sth/doing sth) ⇨ a reason (that may or may not be true) that you give in order to explain your behaviour

Wyrażenie excuse me ma zastosowanie w sytuacjach, kiedy przerywa się czyjąś rozmowę lub zwraca się do kogoś obcego: Excuse me (przepraszam pana/panią), can you tell me the way to the station?

excuse2 /ɪkˈskju: z; US / verb [transitive] ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1excuse sb/sth (for sth/for doing sth) to forgive sb for sth they have done wrong that is not very serious Please excuse the interruption but I need to talk to you. ▶ wybaczać

execute /ˈeksɪkju: t; US / verb [transitive] 1 [usually passive] execute sb (for sth) to kill sb as an official punishment He was executed for murder. ▶ stracić kogoś wykonać na kimś wyrok

executioner /ˌeksɪˈkju:ʃənə(r); US / noun [countable] a person whose job is to execute criminals ▶ kat

executive1 /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv; US / noun 1 [countable] a person who has an important position as a manager of a business or organization She’s a senior executive in a computer company. ▶ pracownik na kierowniczym stanowisku

/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv / adj. [before a noun] 1 (used in connection with people in business, government, etc.) concerned with managing, making plans, decisions, etc. executive decisions/jobs an executive director of the company dyrektor firmy ▶ wykonawczy

exemplary /ɪɡˈzempləri; US / adj. very good; that can be an example to other people exemplary behaviour ▶ wzorowy

exemplify /ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ; US / verb [transitive] (exemplifying; exemplifies; past tense, past participle exemplified) to be a typical example of sth ▶ ilustrować być przykładem

exempt1 /ɪɡˈzempt/ adj [not before a noun] exempt (from sth) free from having to do sth or pay for sth Children under 16 are exempt from dental charges. ▶ zwolniony (z czegoś) □ exemption /; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ zwolnienie ulga

exempt2 /ɪɡˈzempt; US / verb [transitive] (formal) exempt sb/sth (from sth) to say officially that sb does not have to do sth or pay for sth ▶ zwalniać (z czegoś)

exercise1 /ˈeksəsaɪz; US / noun 1[uncountable] physical or mental activity that keeps you healthy and strong The doctor advised Sebastian to take regular exercise. Swimming is a good form of exercise. ▶ gimnastyka ćwiczenie ruch

exercise2 /ˈeksəsaɪz; US / verb 1 [transitive] to make use of sth, for example a power, right, etc. You should exercise your right to vote. ▶ korzystać z czegoś

ˈexercise bike noun [countable] a bicycle that does not move forward but is used for getting exercise indoors ▶ rower treningowy

ˈexercise book noun [countable] 1(US notebook) a small book for students to write their work in ▶ zeszyt (do ćwiczeń)

exert /ɪɡˈzɜ: t; US / verb [transitive] 1 to make use of sth, for example influence, strength, etc., to affect sb/sth Parents exert a powerful influence on their children’s opinions. ▶ wywierać

exertion /ɪɡˈzɜ:ʃn; US / noun [unc, c] using your body in a way that takes a lot of effort; sth that you do that makes you tired At his age physical exertion was dangerous. I’m tired after the exertions of the past few days. ▶ wytężenie wysiłek

exhale /eksˈheɪl; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to breathe out so that the air leaves your lungs ▶ wydychać  OPPOSITE  inhale □ exhalation /ˌekshəˈleɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ wydech

exhaust1 /ɪɡˈzɔ: st; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the waste gas that comes out of a vehicle, an engine or a machine car exhaust fumes/emissions ▶ rura wydechowa

exhaust2 /ɪɡˈzɔ: st; US / verb [transitive] 1 to make sb very tired The long journey to work every morning exhausted him. ▶ wyczerpywać

exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔ: stɪd; US / adj. very tired ▶ wyczerpany zmęczony

exhausting /ɪɡˈzɔ: stɪŋ; US / adj. making sb very tired Teaching young children is exhausting work. ▶ wyczerpujący męczący

exhibit1 /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to show sth in a public place for people to enjoy or to give them information His paintings have been exhibited in the local art gallery. ▶ wystawiać (na pokaz)

exhibit2 /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt; US / noun [countable] an object that is shown in a museum, etc. or as a piece of evidence in a court of law ▶ eksponat okaz (prawn.) dowód rzeczowy

exhibition /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/ noun 1 [countable] a collection of objects, for example works of art, that are shown to the public Have you seen the Picasso exhibition? Her paintings will be on exhibition in London for the whole of April. ▶ wystawa

exhibitionist /ˌeksɪˈbɪʃənɪst; US / noun [countable] a person who likes to make other people notice him or her Children are natural exhibitionists. ▶ ekshibicjonist(k)a Zwykle wyraża dezaprobatę.

exhibitor /ɪɡˈzɪbɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] a person, for example an artist, a photographer, etc. who shows their work to the public ▶ wystawca

exhilarate /ɪɡˈzɪləreɪt; US / verb [transitive, usually passive] to make sb feel very excited and happy We felt exhilarated by our walk along the beach. ▶ ożywiać radować

exile /ˈeksaɪl; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the state of being forced to live outside your own country (especially for political reasons) He went into exile (wyemigrował) after the revolution of 1968. They lived in exile in London for many years.

exist /ɪɡˈzɪst; US / verb [intransitive] 1[not used in the continuous tenses] to be real; to be found in the real world; to live Dreams only exist in our imagination. Fish cannot exist out of water. ▶ istnieć

existence /ɪɡˈzɪstəns; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the state of existing This is the oldest human skeleton in existence. To jest najstarszy istniejący ludzki szkielet. How did the universe come into existence? Jak powstał wszechświat? ▶ istnienie

existential /ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəl; US / adj. [only before a noun] 1(formal) connected with human existence ▶ egzystencjalny 2 connected with the theory ofexistentialism ▶ egzystencjalny

existentialism /ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəlɪzəm; US / noun [uncountable] (in philosophy) the theory that humans are free and responsible for their own actions in a world without meaning ▶ egzystencjalizm

existing /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ; US / adj. [only before a noun] that is already there or being used; present Under the existing law you are not allowed to work in this country. ▶ istniejący

exit1 /ˈeksɪt; US ˈeɡzɪt; US / noun [countable] 1 a door or way out of a public building or vehicle The emergency exit is at the back of the bus. ▶ wyjście  OPPOSITE  entrance

exit2 /ˈeksɪt; US ˈeɡzɪt; US / v [int, tr] (formal) to leave a place He exited through the back door. I exited the database and switched off the computer. ▶ wychodzić wychodzić z programu komputerowego wysiadać zamykać (np. plik komputerowy)

exorbitant /ɪɡˈzɔ: bɪtənt; US / adj. (formal) (used about the cost of sth) much more expensive than it should be ▶ wygórowany nadmierny

exorcize (also exorcise) /ˈeksɔ: saɪz; US / verb [transitive] 1exorcize sth (from sb/sth) to make an evil spirit leave a place or sb’s body by special prayers or magic The ghost was exorcized from the house. ▶ egzorcyzmować

exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk; US / adj. unusual or interesting because it comes from a different country or culture exotic plants/animals/fruits ▶ egzotyczny

expand /ɪkˈspænd; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to become or to make sth bigger Metals expand when they are heated. We hope to expand our business this year. ▶ rozszerzać (się) powiększać (się) rozwijać (się)  OPPOSITE  contract

expanse /ɪkˈspæns; US / noun [countable] a large open area (of land, sea, sky, etc.) I lay on my back and stared up at the vast expanse of blue sky. ▶ obszar przestrzeń

expansion /ɪkˈspænʃn; US / noun [uncountable] the act of becoming bigger or the state of being bigger than before The rapid expansion of the university has caused a lot of problems. ▶ rozwój ekspansja

expansionism /ɪkˈspænʃənɪzəm; US / noun [uncountable] the belief in and process of increasing the size and importance of sth, especially in a country or a business ▶ ekspansjonizm Czasami wyraża dezprobatę.

expansive /ɪkˈspænsɪv; US / adj. (formal) (used about a person) who talks a lot in an interesting way; friendly ▶ wylewny

expatriate /ˌeksˈpætriət; US -ˈpeɪt- / (also informal expat /ˌeksˈpæt; US /) noun [countable] a person who lives outside their own country American expatriates in London ▶ osoba żyjąca poza własnym krajem

expect /ɪkˈspekt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to think or believe that sb/sth will come or that sth will happen She was expecting a letter from the bank this morning but it didn’t come. I expect that it will rain this afternoon.

2expect sth (from sb); expect sb to do sth to feel confident that you will get sth from sb He expects a high standard of work from everyone. Factory workers are often expected to work at nights. ▶ wymagać oczekiwać po kimś czegoś

expectancy /ɪkˈspektənsi; US / noun [uncountable] the state of expecting sth to happen; hope a look/feeling of expectancy ▶ oczekiwanie nadzieja ⇨ look at life expectancy

expectant /ɪkˈspektənt; US / adj. 1 hoping for sth good and exciting an expectant audience expectant faces ▶ wyczekujący pełen nadziei 2 having a baby soon an expectant mother/father ▶ w ciąży

/ˌekspekˈteɪʃn/ noun (formal) 1[uncountable] expectation (of sth) the belief that sth will happen There’s no expectation of the weather getting better for some days yet. The dog was sitting under the table in expectation of food. ▶ przewidywanie

expected /ɪkˈspektɪd; US / adj. that you think will happen Double the expected number of people came to the meeting. ▶ oczekiwany

/ɪkˈspi:diənt/ adj. (formal) (used about an action) convenient or helpful for a purpose, but possibly not completely honest or moral The government decided that it was expedient not to increase taxes until after the election. ▶ stosowny dogodny

expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn; US / noun [countable] 1 a long journey for a special purpose a scientific expedition to Antarctica ▶ wyprawa ekspedycja 2 a short journey that you make for pleasure a fishing expedition ▶ wyprawa

expel /ɪkˈspel; US / verb [transitive] (expelling; expelled) 1 to force sb to leave a country, school, club, etc. The government has expelled all foreign journalists. The boy was expelled from school for smoking. ▶ wydalać

expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r); US / noun [uncountable, sing.] (formal) the act of spending money; the amount of money that is spent Government expenditure on education is very low. an expenditure of £ 2 000 ▶ wydatki

expense /ɪkˈspens/ noun 1 [c, unc] the cost of sth in time or money Running a car is a great expense. Expense wasn’t important when they were deciding what present to buy their son. The movie was filmed in Tahiti at great expense ▶ wydatek koszt

expensive /ɪkˈspensɪv; US / adj. costing a lot of money Houses are very expensive in this area. ▶ drogi kosztowny  OPPOSITES  inexpensive, cheap □ expensively /; US / adv. ▶ drogo kosztownie

experience1 /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ noun 1[unc] the things that you have done in your life; the knowledge or skill that you get from seeing or doing sth We all learn by experience. Do you have any previous experience of working with children? ▶ doświadczenie

experience2 /ɪkˈspɪəriəns; US / verb [transitive] to have sth happen to you; to feel It was the first time I’d ever experienced failure. to experience pleasure/pain/difficulty ▶ doznawać przeżywać

experienced /ɪkˈspɪəriənst; US / adj. having the knowledge or skill that is necessary for sth He’s an experienced diver. ▶ doświadczony  OPPOSITE  inexperienced

experiment1 /ɪkˈsperɪmənt; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW a scientific test that is done in order to get proof of sth or to get new knowledge to carry out/perform/conduct/do an experiment

experiment2 /ɪkˈsperɪmənt; US / verb [intransitive] experiment (on/with sth) ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW to do tests to see if sth works or to try to improve it

experimental /ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl; US / adj. connected with experiments or trying new ideas We’re still at the experimental stage with the new product (w fazie doświadczeń nad nowym produktem). experimental schools ▶ eksperymentalny

expert /ˈekspɜ: t; US / noun [countable] an expert (at/in/on sth) a person who has a lot of special knowledge or skill a computer expert Let me try – I’m an expert at parking cars in small spaces.

□ expert adj. He’s an expert cook. Jest doskonałym kucharzem. I think we should get expert advice (zasięgnąć opinii eksperta) on the problem. ▶ mistrzowski biegły —expertly /; US / adv. ▶ po mistrzowsku biegle

expertise /ˌekspɜ:ˈti: z; US / noun [uncountable] a high level of special knowledge or skill I was amazed at his expertise on the word processor. ▶ biegłość znawstwo