reading & writing: fill in the blanks 1000 - 1300

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plague
typically with the formation of buboes (especially in the groin and armpits) and sometimes infection of the lungs (pneumonic plague).
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a contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever and delirium
The plague swept through the city.
covered
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put something over or on top of (something else)
The snow covered the ground.
equity
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the quality of being fair and impartial
They sought equity in the workplace.
band
or decoration
thin strip or loop of material used for strengthening
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a flat
fastening
chief
The chief made an announcement.
especially of a tribe or clan
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a leader or ruler
crowd
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a large number of people gathered together in a disorganized or unruly way
The crowd cheered.
craft
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an activity involving skill in making things by hand
They learned a new craft.
comprehend
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grasp mentally; understand
They tried to comprehend the situation.
pleased
They were pleased with the results.
especially at an event or a situation
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feeling or showing pleasure and satisfaction
competent
knowledge
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having the necessary ability
She is a competent worker.
or skill to do something successfully; capable
bible
They read from the Bible.
consisting of the Old and New Testaments
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the Christian scriptures
consequently
they decided to leave.
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as a result; therefore
Consequently
disappeared
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cease to be visible
The ship disappeared from view.
expelled
He was expelled from school.
especially a country
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force (someone) to leave a place
ripe
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(of fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating
The apples were ripe.
chomped
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bite or chew vigorously and noisily
He chomped on the apple.
admitted
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confess to be true or to be the case
She admitted her mistake.
contest
activity
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an event in which people compete for supremacy in a sport
They entered a contest.
or subject
debts
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a sum of money or something else that is owed
They paid off their debts.
archaeology
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the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains
They studied archaeology.
collaboration
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the action of working with someone to produce or create something
The project was a collaboration.
afford
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have enough money to pay for
They couldn't afford a new car.
disconnected
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having had a connection broken
They felt disconnected from the group.
bubble
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a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gas
The soap formed a bubble.
competitive
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relating to or characterized by competition
The market is competitive.
ensures
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make certain that (something) will occur or be the case
They ensured the safety of the children.
gain
needed
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obtain or secure (something desired
They gained experience.
or profitable)
thick
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having a relatively large distance between opposite sides; of considerable or great thickness
The book was thick.
clothing
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articles worn to cover the body
They bought new clothing.
robust
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strong and healthy; vigorous
The plant was robust.
dependent
emotional
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requiring someone or something for financial
They were dependent on their parents.
or other support
delve
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reach inside a receptacle and search for something
They delved into the archives.
encounter
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unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile)
They encountered a problem.
constrained
extent
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severely restrict the scope
They were constrained by the rules.
or activity of
extended
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lasting longer than usual or expected; prolonged
They had an extended vacation.
except
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not including; other than
They liked all fruits except bananas.
discriminate
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recognize a distinction; differentiate
They tried to discriminate between the two.
steam
The kettle released steam.
forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the air
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the vapor into which water is converted when heated
capital
The capital city.
usually its seat of government and administrative center
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the most important city or town of a country or region
clever
learn
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quick to understand
She is a clever student.
and devise or apply ideas; intelligent
citrus
lemons
Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits
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a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family
grapefruits
including important crops such as oranges
desire
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a strong feeling of wanting something
They had a desire for success.
trace
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find or discover by investigation
They tried to trace the origins.
host
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a person who receives or entertains other people as guests
They were gracious hosts.
gear
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equipment or apparatus that is used for a particular purpose
They packed their gear.
costumes
region
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the customary style of clothing of people of a particular social group
They wore elaborate costumes.
or historical period
abbreviated
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shortened; abridged
The name was abbreviated.
appliances
They bought new appliances.
typically a domestic one
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a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task
intend
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have (a course of action) as one's purpose or intention; plan
They intend to travel.
district
They lived in a specific district.
especially one officially defined for administrative purposes
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an area of a country or city
communist
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a person who supports principles of communism
They were communist supporters.
centralized
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concentrated under a single authority; brought to a center
The system was centralized.
chamber
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a large room used for formal or public events
They met in the chamber.
competition
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the activity or condition of striving to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others
They entered a competition.
prioritize
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designate or treat (something) as being more important than other things
They tried to prioritize their tasks.
consume
drink
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eat
They consumed a lot of food.
or ingest (food or drink)
initial
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occurring at the beginning; first
They made an initial offer.
genuine
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truly what something is said to be; authentic
They gave genuine advice.
engine
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a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion
The car had a powerful engine.
courage
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the ability to do something that frightens one
They showed courage.
condition
quality
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the state of something with regard to its appearance
The car was in good condition.
or working order
crash
They survived a car crash.
typically of a vehicle
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a sudden and violent collision
appear
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come into sight; become visible
They appeared on stage.
accomplish
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achieve or complete successfully
They accomplished their goal.
competitors
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a person who takes part in a competition
They faced many competitors.
entries
account book
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an item written or printed in a diary
They made entries in their journal.
or reference book
document
printed
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a piece of written
They signed a document.
or electronic matter that provides information or evidence or that serves as an official record
precision
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the quality of being exact and accurate
They worked with precision.
battles
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a sustained fight between large organized armed forces
They fought in battles.
estimate
or extent of
number
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roughly calculate or judge the value
quantity
blame
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assign responsibility for a fault or wrong
They tried to blame someone else.
decide
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come or bring to a resolution in one's mind as to a course of action
They decided to leave.
inherent
essential
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existing in something as a permanent
They had inherent abilities.
or characteristic attribute
expands
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become or make larger or more extensive
The company expands its operations.
agricultural
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relating to agriculture
They worked in agricultural fields.
commitment
activity
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the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause
They showed commitment.
etc.
erosion
water
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the process of eroding or being eroded by wind
Soil erosion is a problem.
or other natural agents
consumer
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a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
They were consumers.
curiosity
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a strong desire to know or learn something
They had a curiosity about the world.
diplomacy
typically by a country's representatives abroad
activity
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the profession
or skill of managing international relations
hectic
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full of incessant or frantic activity
They had a hectic schedule.
characteristic
place
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a feature or quality belonging typically to a person
They studied the characteristics.
or thing and serving to identify it
analysts
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a person who analyzes data or information
They consulted analysts.
trump
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a playing card in a suit that outranks all others
They played a trump card.
deficiency
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a lack or shortage
They had a vitamin deficiency.
abroad
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in or to a foreign country or countries
They traveled abroad.
typical
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having the distinctive qualities of a particular type of person or thing
They had typical symptoms.
classified
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designated as officially secret and accessible only to authorized people
The information was classified.
caffeine
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a crystalline compound that is found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system
They drank caffeine.
debated
They debated the issue.
especially in a formal manner
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argue about (a subject)
declined
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politely refuse (an offer or invitation)
They declined the offer.
christmas
They celebrated Christmas.
held on December 25 in the West and on January 7 in the East
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the annual Christian festival celebrating Christ's birth
bureau
They worked in the government bureau.
especially in France and some other European countries
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a government department
allotted
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give or assign (something) to someone as a share or task
They were allotted tasks.
cortex
The brain's cortex is complex.
comprising gray matter
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the outer layer of the cerebrum
ceremony
They attended the ceremony.
typically one celebrating a particular event or anniversary
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a formal religious or public occasion
diameter
The diameter of the circle.
especially a circle or sphere
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a straight line passing from side to side through the center of a body or figure
disappointed
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feeling or showing disappointment; unhappy because something was not as good as expected or because something you hoped for did not happen
They were disappointed with the results.
classy
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stylish and sophisticated
They had a classy event.
dispute
argument
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a disagreement
They had a dispute over the contract.
or debate
defined
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give the meaning of (a word or phrase)
They defined the terms.
shuttle
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a vehicle or system of vehicles that travels regularly between two places
They took the space shuttle.
perceive
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become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand
They perceived the danger.
debates
They engaged in debates.
in which opposing arguments are put forward
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a formal discussion on a particular topic in a public meeting or legislative assembly
pitch
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the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone
The pitch of the sound.
density
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the degree to which something is filled or occupied
The density of the population.
capabilities
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the power or ability to do something
They demonstrated their capabilities.
bother
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take the trouble to do something
They didn't bother to ask.
quest
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a long or arduous search for something
They went on a quest.
rift
split
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a crack
They found a rift in the rock.
or break in something
galaxy
together with gas and dust
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a system of millions or billions of stars
They observed the galaxy.
held together by gravitational attraction
customs
place
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a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society
They followed local customs.
or time
adopt
method
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choose to take up or follow (an idea
They decided to adopt a new strategy.
or course of action)
donor
They were a blood donor.
especially blood or an organ
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a person who donates something
criticized
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indicate the faults of (someone or something) in a disapproving way
They were criticized for their actions.
drama
radio
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a play for theater
They watched a drama.
or television
thermal
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relating to heat
They studied thermal energy.
embedded
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fixed firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass; implanted
The chip was embedded in the device.
consultation
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the action or process of formally consulting or discussing
They had a consultation.
classic
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judged over a period of time to be of the highest quality and outstanding of its kind
They watched a classic film.
distance
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the length of space between two points
They measured the distance.
conflicts
They resolved conflicts.
typically a protracted one
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a serious disagreement or argument
retain
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continue to have (something); keep possession of
They tried to retain their position.
prevalent
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widespread in a particular area at a particular time
The disease was prevalent.
behave
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conduct oneself in a specified way
They behaved well.
acute
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present or experienced to a severe or intense degree
They felt acute pain.
category
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a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics
They belonged to a specific category.
entirety
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the whole of something
They ate the entirety of the cake.
spans
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the full extent of something from end to end; the length of time for which something lasts
The bridge spans the river.
collapsing
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suddenly fall down or give way
The roof was collapsing.
odder
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strange; peculiar; unusual
They found an odder object.
belly
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the abdomen or the underside of the body
The fish had a white belly.
biography
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an account of someone's life written by someone else
They read a biography.
drainage
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the action or process of draining something
They improved the drainage.
danger
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the possibility of suffering harm or injury
They were in danger.
coastline
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the outline of a coast
They walked along the coastline.
declare
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state emphatically and authoritatively
They declared their independence.
compound
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a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture
The chemical compound.
nickel
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a silvery-white metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity
They used nickel in the alloy.
hydraulic
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operated by pressure applied to a liquid
They used hydraulic machinery.
boats
sails
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a small vessel propelled on water by oars
They sailed in boats.
or an engine
bunch
typically of the same kind
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a number of things
They ate a bunch of grapes.
growing or fastened together
stood
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have or maintain an upright position
They stood in line.
cargo
aircraft
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goods carried on a ship
They unloaded the cargo.
or motor vehicle
administration
organization
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the process or activity of running a business
They worked in administration.
etc.
cluster
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a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together
They found a cluster of stars.
comparative
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relating to or based on comparison
They did a comparative study.
chased
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pursue in order to catch or catch up with
They chased the rabbit.
downstream
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in the direction in which a stream or river flows
They traveled downstream.
bargaining
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negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction
They engaged in bargaining.
afraid
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feeling fear or anxiety; frightened
They were afraid of the dark.
chase
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pursue in order to catch or catch up with
They went on a chase.
curating
organize
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select
They were curating the exhibit.
and look after the items in a collection or exhibition
expertise
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expert skill or knowledge in a particular field
They had expertise in the area.
destructive
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causing great and irreparable damage
They caused destructive damage.
mutual
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experienced or done by each of two or more parties towards the other; shared
They had mutual respect.
heard
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perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)
They heard a noise.
norm
typical
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something that is usual
They followed the norm.
or standard
contracts
or tenancy
especially one concerning employment
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a written or spoken agreement
that is intended to be enforceable by law
sales
divergent
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tending to be different or develop in different directions
They had divergent opinions.
alter
They altered the plans.
typically in a comparatively minor way; vary or modify
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change or cause to change in character or composition
component
They assembled the components.
especially a part of a machine or vehicle
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a part or element of a larger whole
dawn
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the first appearance of light in the sky before sunrise
They woke at dawn.
capture
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take into one's possession or control by force
They tried to capture the flag.
conserving
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protect from harm or destruction
They were conserving water.
credible
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able to be believed; convincing
They gave credible evidence.
virtue
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behavior showing high moral standards
They praised his virtue.
gradually
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in a gradual way; slowly; by degrees
They gradually improved.
saturated
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holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed; thoroughly soaked
The ground was saturated.
designated
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officially give a specified name or status to
They were designated as leaders.
deficits
especially a sum of money
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the amount by which something
They had budget deficits.
is too small
drier
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free from moisture or liquid; not wet or moist
The climate was drier.
equilibrium
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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
They sought equilibrium.
trait
They studied personality traits.
typically one belonging to a person
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a distinguishing quality or characteristic
burn
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produce flames and heat while consuming a material such as coal or wood
They watched the fire burn.
essence
especially something abstract
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the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something
They captured the essence of the moment.
that determines its character
disadvantage
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an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness
They faced a disadvantage.
extract
They tried to extract the information.
especially by effort or force
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remove or take out
collision
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an instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another
They witnessed a collision.
decay
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the state or process of rotting or decomposition
They observed the decay.
variant
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a form or version of something that differs slightly from other forms of the same thing
They studied the variant.
delta
δ)
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the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (Δ
They measured the delta.
representing the d sound
larvae
a caterpillar or grub
especially one that differs greatly from the adult and forms the stage between egg and pupa
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the active immature form of an insect
e.g.
crunch
They heard the crunch of leaves.
producing a noisy cracking sound
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crush (something hard or brittle) with the teeth
collars
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a band placed around the neck of an animal or person
They put collars on the dogs.
collars
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a band placed around the neck of an animal or person
They put collars on the dogs.
drag
roughly
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pull (someone or something) along forcefully
They tried to drag the heavy box.
or with difficulty
eminent
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famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession
He was an eminent scientist.
acclaim
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praise enthusiastically and publicly
The play received critical acclaim.
unaided
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without help; alone
They completed the task unaided.
feasibility
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the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done
They assessed the feasibility of the plan.
disseminate
They disseminated information.
especially information) widely
começar a aprender
spread or circulate (something
weave
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form (fabric or a similar material) by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them
They weave baskets.
darwin
Darwin's theory changed biology.
a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection
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Charles Darwin
ultimate
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being or happening at the end of a process; final
The ultimate goal.
streak
They saw a streak of light.
thin line or mark of a different substance or color from its surroundings
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a long
insulate
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protect (something) by interposing material that prevents the loss of heat or the intrusion of sound
They tried to insulate the building.
climbing
stairs
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go or come up (a slope
They went climbing.
or ladder)
clinical
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relating to or conducted in or as if in a clinic and depending on direct observation of a patient
They conducted clinical trials.
spawn
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release or deposit eggs
The fish spawned.
impulse
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a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act
They acted on impulse.
boots
They wore boots.
and sometimes also the lower leg
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a sturdy item of footwear covering the foot and ankle
alternatively
they could stay home.
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used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility
Alternatively
carvings
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an object or design cut from a hard material as an artistic work
They admired the carvings.
pondering
They were pondering the question.
especially before making a decision or coming to a conclusion
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think about (something) carefully
hypertension
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abnormally high blood pressure
They suffered from hypertension.
gesture
especially a hand or the head
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a movement of part of the body
They made a gesture.
to express an idea or meaning
beads
threaded with others or sewn onto fabric for decorative purposes
stone
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a small piece of glass
or similar material with a hole through it
coordinated
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bring the different elements of (an activity or organization) into a relationship that will ensure efficiency or harmony
They coordinated the event.
expression
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the process of making known one's thoughts or feelings
They showed expression.
crustaceans
lobster
mainly aquatic group Crustacea
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an arthropod of the large
shrimp
such as a crab
rituals
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a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
They followed rituals.
concepts
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an abstract idea; a general notion
They discussed concepts.
acquaintance
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a person one knows slightly but who is not a close friend
They were an acquaintance.
analyze
especially information)
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examine methodically and in detail the constitution or structure of (something
They analyzed the data.
typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation
excessive
normal
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more than is necessary
They had excessive amounts.
or desirable; immoderate
contents
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the things that are held or contained in something
They examined the contents.
plethora
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a large or excessive amount of (something)
They had a plethora of choices.
distraction
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a thing that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else; a thing that distracts someone
They avoided distractions.
experimented
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try out new concepts or ways of doing things
They experimented with new methods.
congestion
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the state of being crowded or blocked with traffic or people
They faced traffic congestion.
intuitive
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using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive
They made an intuitive decision.
dwindle
amount
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diminish gradually in size
The resources dwindled.
or strength
endeavor
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try hard to do or achieve something
They endeavored to succeed.
exquisite
typically
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extremely beautiful and
They had exquisite taste.
delicate
cues
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a thing said or done that serves as a signal to an actor or other performer to enter or to begin their speech or performance
They took their cues.
compiled
or book) by assembling information collected from other sources
especially a list
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produce (something
report
bear
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endure (an ordeal or difficulty)
They had to bear the pain.
ample
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enough or more than enough; plentiful
They had ample time.
originate
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have a specified beginning; arise or derive
The tradition originated there.
broad
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having an ample distance from side to side; wide
They had broad shoulders.
bond
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a thing used to tie something or to fasten things together
They formed a bond.
cemetery
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a burial ground; a graveyard
They visited the cemetery.
nasty
They had a nasty experience.
especially to one's feelings; disagreeable
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highly unpleasant
exoplanets
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a planet that orbits a star outside the solar system
They studied exoplanets.
propelled
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drive or push something forward
They were propelled forward.
intent
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intention or purpose
They had good intent.
excavated
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remove earth carefully and systematically from (an area) in order to find buried remains
They excavated the site.
eloquent
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fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing
They made an eloquent speech.
exceptional
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unusual; not typical
They had exceptional skills.
discretion
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the quality of behaving or speaking in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing private information
They showed discretion.
condemnation
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strong disapproval; censure
They faced condemnation.
commemorates
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recall and show respect for (someone or something)
They commemorated the event.
groom
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prepare or train (someone) for a particular purpose or activity
They groomed the horse.
dormant
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having normal physical functions suspended or slowed down for a period of time; in or as if in a deep sleep
The volcano was dormant.
unscathed
damage
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without suffering any injury
They emerged unscathed.
or harm
corridors
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a long passage in a building from which doors lead into rooms
They walked down the corridors.
crowded
The room was crowded.
leaving little or no room for movement; packed
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full of people
citation
especially in a scholarly work
paper
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a quotation from or reference to a book
or author
overture
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an introduction to something more substantial
They made an overture.
wrought
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worked (metal) into shape by hammering or rolling
They had wrought iron.
rigid
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unable to be bent or forced out of shape; not flexible
The pipe was rigid.
provoke
They tried to provoke a response.
typically a strong or unwelcome one) in someone
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stimulate or give rise to (a reaction or emotion
rough
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having an uneven or irregular surface; not smooth or level
The road was rough.
fanatic
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a person filled with excessive and single-minded zeal
They were a fanatic supporter.
partial
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existing only in part; incomplete
They had partial success.
tracts
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an extensive area of land
They owned tracts of land.
spheres
They studied spheres.
or a region or subject over which someone or something has influence
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a round solid figure
abound
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exist in large numbers or amounts
The area abounds with wildlife.
cover
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put something over or on top of (something else)
They covered the table.
eyes
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the organ of sight in humans and animals
They closed their eyes.
faded
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gradually grow faint and disappear
The colors faded.
aftermath
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the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event
They dealt with the aftermath.
detached
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separated or disconnected; not joined or connected
They felt detached.
polar
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relating to the North or South Pole or the regions surrounding them
They studied polar bears.
delicate
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easily broken or damaged; fragile
The flower was delicate.
sacred
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connected with God or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration
They visited sacred sites.
deficiencies
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a lack or shortage
They had vitamin deficiencies.
captivating
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capable of attracting and holding interest; charming
They gave a captivating performance.
cell
They studied cells.
typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microorganisms and some other organisms consist of a single cell. Cells of plants and animals are typically organized into tissues and organs
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the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
altitude
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the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level
They measured the altitude.
utilize
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make practical and effective use of
They utilized the resources.
relief
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a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress
They felt relief.
confusing
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causing one to become perplexed or disoriented
The instructions were confusing.
encourages
confidence
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give support
They encouraged the team.
or hope to (someone)
cyclic
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occurring in cycles; regularly repeated
They observed cyclic patterns.
disposal
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the action or process of getting rid of something
Waste disposal is essential.
grind
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reduce (something) to small particles or powder by crushing it
They grind the coffee beans.
bread
mixed together and baked
water
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food made of flour
and yeast or another leavening agent
comfort
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a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint
They sought comfort.
summit
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the highest point of a hill or mountain
They reached the summit.
convention
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a way in which something is usually done; a custom
They followed social conventions.
excavation
They conducted an excavation.
especially a site
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the action of excavating something
favorable
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giving or expressing approval
They received a favorable review.
disabilities
senses
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a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements
They worked with people with disabilities.
or activities
burden
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a heavy load
They carried a heavy burden.
board
used for various purposes
thin
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a long
flat piece of wood or other stiff material
crushed
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reduce to powder or small fragments by compressing it forcefully
They crushed the ice.
revise
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reconsider and alter (something) in the light of further evidence
They revised the plan.
spatial
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relating to or occupying space
They studied spatial relationships.
complacency
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a feeling of smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements
They avoided complacency.
deviation
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the action of departing from an established course or accepted standard
They noticed a deviation.
faint
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barely perceptible
They heard a faint sound.
bracing
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fresh and invigorating
They took a bracing walk.
trickle
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flow in a small stream
Water trickled down the rocks.
admonitions
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an act or action of admonishing; authoritative counsel or warning
They received admonitions.
drown
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die through submersion in and inhalation of water or other liquid
They almost drowned.
dried
They ate dried fruit.
especially by evaporation or dehydration
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free from moisture
bulb
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a rounded swelling on a plant stem or root that acts as a storage organ during dormancy
They planted a bulb.
subordinate
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lower in rank or position relative to someone else
They were subordinate to the manager.
starve
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suffer severely from hunger
They were starving.

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