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anomia

condition in which someone cannot remember words they want to use

Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling.

Dysgraphia

Dysgraphia is a neurological condition in which someone has difficulty turning their thoughts into written language for their age and ability to think, despite exposure to adequate instruction and education.

why we need cognitive models to understand the root cause for the patients problems?

patients can fail at a cognitive task (such as picture naming) for different reasons

tip of a tongue experience with no brain injury.

Prompt or a cue can be a substantial help with people who have a

Cognitive model 1

VISUAL INPUT -> SEMANTICS -> PHONOLOGICAL OUTPUT

AGNOSIA is a problem of what in a cognitive model?

1. Visual input

Surface dyslexia

(a specific impairment of reading irregular words such as PINT or YACHT)

Phonological dyslexia

(a specific impairment of reading nonwords such as GWOOL)

Two Separated Reading/Spelling Routes:

Lexical and Non-lexical

conduction aphasia)

Conduction aphasia is a rare form of aphasia where both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in the ability to repeat simple phrases.

What is a unitary semantic system?

A unitary semantic system is a single semantic store.

What is a multistore semantic system?

A multistore semantic system consists of many semantic stores.

What is the key form of representation for semantic information according to some people?

Some people argue it might be categorically organized, which is a domain-specific explanation (amodal).

What is another key form of representation for semantic information?

Some people argue it might be sensory organized, which is a modality-specific explanation (multi-modal).

: Can there be combinations of these forms of representation?

Yes, there can be combinations, such as a unitary semantic system that is amodal.

What is semantic dementia?

Semantic dementia is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the progressive loss of verbal and non-verbal semantic memory.

Which cognitive domains are preserved in patients with semantic dementia?

Other cognitive domains such as working memory, visuo-spatial ability, non-verbal problem solving ability, phonology, and syntax are preserved in patients with semantic dementia.

How is orientation and recall of recent events affected in semantic dementia patients?

Patients with semantic dementia generally have good orientation and recall of recent events.

What brain region is notably affected in semantic dementia?

Patients with semantic dementia are a key neuropsychological population for studying semantic memory.

How does semantic dementia affect patients' semantic memory over time?

In semantic dementia, patients gradually lose their semantic memory, akin to having their mental dictionary slowly erased over time.

How has the study of semantic dementia illuminated the understanding of semantic memory functions?

Studying the pattern of impairment in semantic dementia patients has helped illuminate important aspects of how semantic memory functions.

Which neural region of the brain was highlighted as important in cases of semantic dementia?

The anterior temporal lobe was highlighted as an important neural region in cases of semantic dementia.

What does "typicality" mean in the context of semantic memory?

Typicality refers to how representative an item is within its category. Highly typical items are more representative and share more common features with other items in the same category.

How does typicality affect object decision-making in semantic memory tasks?

Typicality drives object decision-making, meaning that people are more likely to correctly identify and categorize items that are highly typical of their category. Less typical items can lead to undergeneralization or overgeneralization errors.

How do semantic dementia (SD) patients respond to typical and atypical items?

SD patients may struggle with matching items based on conceptual similarities rather than superficial ones.

What do the examples in the image illustrate about typicality and object decision-making?

The examples illustrate that SD patients can generate undergeneralization and overgeneralization errors.

What does 'category specificity' refer to in the context of semantic memory?

'Category specificity' refers to the idea that patients may have disproportionate problems with particular types of items (e.g., 'living things'), suggesting that different categories of semantic memory might be organized differently in the brain.

What does the 'hub and spoke model' propose?

The 'hub and spoke model' proposes that the anterior temporal lobe (the hub) integrates information from different sensory areas (the spokes) to help us understand concepts.

What happens to categorization in semantic dementia according to the 'hub and spoke model'?

In semantic dementia, damage to the anterior temporal lobe makes it hard to correctly categorize items. Typical items might be misclassified, and similar non-category items might be mistaken for category members.

How does the brain normally categorize items like cats?

The brain uses the anterior temporal lobe to integrate various features (like size, shape, color) to recognize and categorize items correctly.

What is the impact of damage to the anterior temporal lobe in semantic dementia?

Damage to this area disrupts the brain's ability to integrate sensory information, leading to confusion in recognizing and categorizing items.

What are typical and atypical items in the context of semantic memory?

Typical items are very representative of their category, while atypical items share fewer common features and are less representative.

What does the left anterior temporal lobe specialize in?

The left anterior temporal lobe is more specialized for processing verbal information.

What does the right anterior temporal lobe specialize in?

The right anterior temporal lobe is more specialized for processing visual information.

What was the main debate about the 'hub and spoke model'?

The debate was whether the left and right anterior temporal lobes work the same way or have different specialized roles.

What is apperceptive prosopagnosia?

Apperceptive prosopagnosia is a subtype of prosopagnosia where there is difficulty forming an intact percept of a face due to a deficit in structural encoding.

What is associative prosopagnosia?

Associative prosopagnosia is a higher-order impairment where individuals can compare face percepts and establish familiarity but cannot identify exactly who the person might be.

What is the difference between apperceptive and associative prosopagnosia?

Apperceptive prosopagnosia involves a difficulty in forming an intact percept of a face (structural encoding issue),