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directive
formal written law enacted by a legislative body
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dyrektywa
statute
legal device used by the European Union to establish policies at the European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States
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ustawa
ordinance
law enacted by a town, city or country government
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rozporządzenie
regulation
rules issued by a government agency to carry out the intent of the law, authorised by a statute, and generally providing more detail on a subject than the statute
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zarządzenie
bill
draft document before it is made into law
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projekt ustawy
stipulate
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zastrzec
determine
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ustalać
appellate court
this is where a case is reviewed which has already been heard in a lower court
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sąd apelacyjny
crown court
this is where serious criminal cases are heard by a judge and a jury in the UK
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Sąd koronny
high court
in a jurisdiction, the highest court, (UK) court which hears serious civil cases and appeals from country courts; (US) supreme court
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Sąd najwyższy
juvenile court
court for person under the 18 (juvenile deliquents)
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sąd dla nieletnich
Lower court
first instance court- anglosaxon common low, court whose decisions may be appealed to a higher court
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Dolny sąd
magistrates' court
court that has very limited powers, deals with small cases
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sąd pokoju dla drobnych spraw i wstępnych przesłuchań
moot court
fictitious court where law students argue hypothetical cases
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fikcyjny sąd (dla studentów prawa)
small-claims court
cases involving a limited amount of money are handled (not paying a bill etc)
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sąd rozpatrujący drobne wykroczenia
tribunal
professional court for specific cases, body with either judicial or quasi-judicial functions
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trybunał
Common law/ case law, judge- made law
body of law formed trough judicial/ court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation
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Prawo zwyczajowe
civil law
legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulations. Area of the law concerned with non- criminal matters rights and remedies
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prawo cywilne
criminal court
(penal law) area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties
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Sąd karny
defendant /also respondent/
person who is sued in a civil lawsuit, against whom an action is brought. He is generally used when referring to the answering party to a civil complaint; respondent is generally used when referring to the answering party to a petition for a court order.
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Pozwany / również badany /
reasonably prudent person
hypothetical person who uses good judgment or common sense in handling practical matters, such a person’s actions are the guide in determining whether an individual’s actions were reasonable
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rozsądna osoaba
bailif
officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and assisting the judge and jurors
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strażnik na sali sądowej
clerk
employee who takes records, files papers and issues processes
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sekretarz
advocate
person who pleads cases in court
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adwokat
appellant = (US) petitioner
person who appeals a decision to a higher court
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apelant
expert witness
- person who the court considers the possess specialized knowledge or skills and who is allowed to offer an opinion as testimony in court.
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biegły sądowy
claimant/plaintiff
person who initiates a civil lawsuit
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powód / powódka
affidavit
written statement which might be used as proof in court that somebody makes after they have sworn officially to tell the truth
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pisemne oświadczenie złożone pod przysięgą
answer
principals pleading by the defendant in response to a complaint
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odpowiedź na pozew
brief
document or set of documents containing the details of a court case. solicitor gives it to barrister
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akta lub streszczenie sprawy
complaint
- first pleading filed on behalf of a plaintiff which initiates a lawsuit, setting forth the facts on which the claim is based (civil law)
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powództwo, skarga
injunction
official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something
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nakaz lub postanowienie sądu
motion
application to a court to obtain an order, ruling, or decision
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wniosek
notice
document providing notification of fact, claim or proceeding
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zawiadomienie
pleading
formal written statement setting forth the cause of action or the defence in a case
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pismo procesowe
writ
document informing someone that they will be involved in a legal process and instructing them what they must do
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wezwanie do sądu
to draft a document
to produce a piece of writing or a plan that you intend to change later
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sporządzić projekt dokumentu
to issue a document
to produce or provide something official
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wydać dokument
to file a document with an authority
to officially record (e.g. in a court of law)
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Złożyć dokument z uprawnieniami
to serve a document on sb
- to deliver a legal document to someone (which ususally demands they go to a court of law or obey an order)
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dostarczyć komuś dokument
to submit a document to an authority
to deliver a document formally for a decision to be made by others
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przedstawić dokument do władzy
solicitor
lower than barrister, person who completes the documents, does research and it passes the brief to barrister
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radca prawny
barrister
he pleads cases in court, receives the brief and represents the client in court
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(UK) adwokat
in-house counsel
lawyer that is not a freelancer, but works for a specific agency, but on independent position.
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radca prawny (zatrudniony w przedsiębiorstwie)
DA- Distract Attorney
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prokurator okręgowy
partnership
group of natural persons, partners in the partnership can’t change, liability of owner is full
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spółka bez osobowości prawnej
Articles of association
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akt założycielski
Memorandum of association
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Statut stowarzyszenia, umowa spółki, szczegóły dotyczące działania spółki
governing body
manegament is doing the daily job, supervisory board (or exacutive and nonexecutive members)
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organ zarządzający
Annual general meeting
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Zwyczajne Walne Zgromadzenie
Extraordinary general meeting
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Nadzwyczajne Walne Zgromadzenie
Company secretary
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Sekretarz Spółki
Auditing companies
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Firmy audytorskie
Directors
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zarząd
Duty of care
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Obowiązek opieki

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