BBC learning English + seriale + artykuły naukowe

stairs people use to exit a burning building

a

very mportant. Your help was crucial for the success of the project.

a

to remove parts of books, films, letters etc. thought to be offensive or inappropriate

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o make jokes about something in an unkind way

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comments intended to make something look stupid

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people who have views others think are very unreasonable

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pledged - made a formal promise (here to give away something)

a

desperate for something

rozpaczliwie czegoś potrzebujący, pragnący

such as GeO2

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This difference in refractive indices allows the fiber to perform Total Internal Reflection inside the fiber and propagate light down its length

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Radiation modes carry energy out of the core; the energy is quickly dissipated.

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Guided modes are confined to the core, and propagate energy along the fiber, transporting information and power.

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When light is launched into a fiber, the modes are excited to varying degrees depending on the conditions of the launch — input cone angle, spot size, axial centration and the like.

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indices of refraction of core and cladding, core diameter, and wavelength.

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the sine of the largest angle an incident ray can have for total internal reflectance in the core. A higher core index, with respect to the cladding, means larger NA

a

Many fiber parameters can be expressed in terms of V, such as: the number of modes at a given wavelength, mode cut off conditions, and propagation constants.

a

Bandwidth of an optical fiber determines the data rate. The mechanism that limits a fiber’s bandwidth is known as dispersion. There are two main categories of dispersion, intermodal and intramodal.

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Therefore, different wavelengths will travel down an optical fiber at different velocities. This is known as Chromatic Dispersion.

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needed to maintain acceptable signal levels. attenuation

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Impurities — notably water in the form of hydroxyl ions — are much more dominant causes of absorption in commercial fibers.

a

Any process that imposes dimensional irregularities — such as microbending — increases scattering and hence attenuation.

a

I get along with my siblings.

Lubię się z moim rodzeństwem

He stood by, waiting for a taxi.

Stał bezczynnie podczas gdy czekał na taksówkę.